Steven Spielberg :: essays research papers

I'm Steven Spielberg and I was born in Cincinnati on December 18, 1947, but I was mainly raised in New Jersey and Arizona. When I was 12 years old I used my dads 8mm camcorder and made a movie. I continued to make films with the camcorder for five more years until I went on a trip to Universal Studios. I was 17 years old and I broke away from the main tourist group to see the sound stages. I bumped into the head of Universal's editorial department, Chuck Silvers. We talked for about an hour and he wanted to see some of my 8mm films. When I showed them to him he said they were good but he could only wish me luck. So the next day I put on a suit and borrowed my fathers suitcase and walked in the front gate of Universal Studio's like I did it every day. One reason I got away with this is because the guard thought I was the owners son. I bought some plastic name tags at a camera store and I found an empty office. Then I put my name in the building directory. Everyday that summer I hung out with directors, writers, and editors. After talking to all of these movie makers I found out that nobody really liked my movies. The next fall I asked some of the executives at Universal how I can get my films noticed. They said I should put my films on 16 or 35mm film. So I did. I made a 20 minute movie about a boy and a girl hitch-hiking from the dessert to the Pacific. The day after it was shown at Universal, Sidney Sheinberg, the head of Universal's T.V. production department, gave me a seven year contract to work on T.V. series. The first few years of the contract were fun, but after a while I didn't want to direct T.V. shows. In 1971 I got a chance to make my first real movie. It was Called Duel and it was about a salesman who was harassed by a truck driver. Even though the movie didn't make much money and wasn't popular, it was my first movie and I had a lot of fun. During the next 10 years I directed 4 of the top 10 movies ever made, including Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and E.T. which is number one. E.T.- The Extra Terrestrial made $720 million dollars worldwide in the theaters and over a billion dollars total with video sales. Some other movies I directed were, Indiana Jones and the

America’s Management of the Cold War

The cold war pertains to the tension and rivalry the existed between America and the Soviet Union approximately after the end of the Second World War until the late 1970’s.   Neither side confronted each other directly in a full blown war but they channel their competition and rivalry through wars in other nations who fought for their ideals on their behalf.The Vietnam War where America is set against combating communism illustrated that cold war conflict.   Despite the oppressive and corrupt government of Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam, his anti communist stance won him the support of the American government to fight against the pro communist North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, who was backed up by Russia and China.Following the Domino theory, the American government along with their Western Allies feared that communism will spread like a disease from one country to another and the power and influence of the Soviet Union will further expand. (Kissinger, p15)The Vietnam War a s a dummy war between the US and the Soviet Union was an effort to contain the spread of communism which threatened and impeded the objective of the US government to achieve political, economic and military hegemony in the world.Politically, communism is directly in contrast to the political ideologies and principles that served as the pillars for the foundation of a political governance of the America, to wit, free election, capitalism, individual freedom and democracy, among others.Economically, the political dominance of communism is detrimental to the capitalistic endeavors of the US and its western allies in enhancing their access to global market for their expanding capitalistic economy. Democracy is necessary to open nations to engage in free trade and restrict the economic intervention of governments in facilitating the same.Militarily, the maintenance of a state of war permitted and justified the perpetual endeavor and investment for the creation and proliferation of modern military arsenal, which will help ensure the military dominance of the US.And indeed, the cold war bear witnessed to the unprecedented advancement of military weaponry, the nuclear arms race (e.g. Hydrogen Bomb) as well as equipment and agencies for global espionage (CIA and KGB).In the late 1960s’, the threat of communism in the US is starting to gain attention in the midst of the civil rights movement and the unpopularity of the Vietnam War, among others which engendered civil unrests at the home front.Driven by anti communism anxieties, the Cold War thus served to further justify the increased government control over the American citizens which was manifested with the expansion of executive power.   In 1950 for instance, US President Truman contended that spending appropriations (especially for military operations) is the discretionary power of the president.   (Fausold and Shank, p113).Also, the House of Un-American Activities Committee was created for the Investigat ion, early detection and curtailment of communism especially directed against labor union leaders, suspected government officials and other political personalities.Under these premises, the cold war benefits and served the US best in order to withstand the threat of communism and eventually thrived to become the most powerful nation in the world.The military intervention and US foreign policy during the cold war for purposed of achieving political power and maintaining corporate profit were essential components for establishing the imperialistic dominion that the US currently enjoys today.   â€Å"Russia walked out of the cold war game leaving the US alone in front of the chess board.† (Zinn and Arnove, p548)ReferencesFausold, M and Shank, A. (1991). The Constitution and the American presidencySUNY PressKissinger, H. (2003). Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War. Touchstone BooksZinn, H. and Arnove, A. (2004). Voi ces of a people's history of the United States. Seven Stories Press  

To What Extent Is the Term Renaissance a Valid Concept for...

1. To what extent is the term Renaissance a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? During the 14th to 17th century, a new golden age emerged. This age was characterized the Renaissance. Led by northern Italian cities, the Renaissance was fundamentally by economic growth, as Europeans sought to achieve higher standards of intellect. The Renaissance marked the beginning of Modern history. It subsequently revived their socio cultural achievements, developing ideas of individualism, humanism, and secularism for a distinct period in modern European history. Individualism helped validated uncommon personalities and unique groups of Europeans. It also helped cultivate people’s capabilities. Well-respected†¦show more content†¦Thus, it was unsurprising to find that Pope Sixtus IV built a library that still remains as one of the richest repositories holding ancient, medieval documents. This movement of humanism was largely praise because the viewed humanity through a Christian lens as Renaissance humanists strongly believed that men and woman were made in th e image and likeness of God. For example, Pico Mirandola represented man as one in possession of great dignity in his essay, ‘On the Dignity of Man’. Further, Renaissance humanism caused individuals to become increasingly self-conscious about their current lifestyles and their realization of human potential. Humanism heavily influenced much of the Renaissance culture, causing people to depend upon intellect its role in humanity breakthroughs. Due to the progressive decline in spiritual interests during the period of the Renaissance, Secularism infiltrated various aspects of culture, civilization, and perception. Secularism praised materialism and the enjoyment of life, rather than the medieval principle of toiling hard for a life after death. This thought of Secularism emerged partly because of the humanism plea to praise human beings, their achievements, their interests, and their capabilities. Specifically, economic growth in Italian cities detracted the time and spac e needed for developing spirituality. Instead, busy bankers and pre-occupied merchants calculated strategies to generate collect more money. WealthShow MoreRelatedAge of Enlightenment and Century5169 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿ ADVANCED PLACEMENT ESSAY QUESTIONS RENAISSANCE 1. 77: To what extent and in what ways may the Renaissance be regarded as a turning point in the Western intellectual and cultural tradition? 2. 81: Compare the ways in which two works of art reproduced below express the artistic, philosophical and cultural values of their times. (Pictures of Michelangelo s David and Giacometti s Man Pointing 1947). 3. 82: CompareRead More Are We in a Post-Modern Age? Essay example2828 Words   |  12 PagesThis paper answers the question: Are We in a Post-Modern Age? Post-Modernism can be described as a particular style of thought. It is a concept that correlates the emergence of new features and types of social life and economic order in a culture; often called modernization, post-industrial, consumer, media, or multinational capitalistic societies. In Modernity, we have the sense or idea that the present is discontinuous with the past, that through a process of social, technological, andRead MoreArt or Propaganda? - a comparison between Alain Locke and W.E.B.Dubois5435 Words   |  22 Pagesthe epoch called Harlem Renaissance. With their writings atrists wanted to do something against racism, they wanted to show that the African - Americans dont have to feel inferior. Writing in the April, 1915, issue of Crisis, DuBois said: In art and literature we should try to loose the tremendous emotional wealth of the Negro and the dramatic strength of his problems through writing ... and other forms of art. We should resurrect forgotten ancient Negro art and history, and we should set theRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pagesof Renaissance†. He had a deep insight in human nature. He knew that man is naturally more prone to evil than good. He was a clear-eyed realist who saw the weakness in human nature and drawbacks of human conduct and also knew that man is not capable of acting according to noble set of ‘ideals’. Though Bacon’s morality was greater than that of average man’s, yet it was not of the highest order. The matter of good and right was important for him but not if it proved too costly in worldly terms. OnRead MoreCompare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism14315 Words   |  58 PagesChapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have ï ¬ nished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Và ¶lkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrastingRead MoreTorpey 1998 State Monopolization Of Legitimate Means Of Movement12377 Words   |  50 PagesSociological Theory, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Nov., 1998), pp. 239-259 Published by: American Sociological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/202182 . Accessed: 17/09/2012 09:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digitalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesthe Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some Theoretical Problems Chapter 8. The Modern Cinema and Narrativity, 185 Chapter 9. Mirror Construction in Fellini s 8 1/2, 228 Chapter 10. The Saying and the Said: Toward the Decline of Plausibility in the Cinema? 235 Notes, 253 A Note on the Translation by BertrandRead MorePolitical Behaviour Impact to Leadership Excellence11497 Words   |  46 Pagesrelationship that pervades every association among men. Even Robinson Crusoe became a leader when he took into his life his good man Friday. In the most simple associations and in the most complex ones, leaders exert some directing influence, the nature and extent of which must be known if we are to understand how men get along together. To explain why people choose or follow one kind of behavior rather than another-why they go to war or remain at peace, vote Democratic or Republican, or do a job poorly orRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics right s organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research - 1442 Words

level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3) Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual images, field notes, reflexive journals, and document. Additionally, different from quantitative research that data are collected and interpreted based on large size of samples, qualitative research usually generate data from small-sized individuals or cases who are selected purposefully to help answer the specific research question(s). Therefore, information is gathered through in-depth study of the particular informants and conclusions are drawn from the particular cases studied. There are several qualitative research designs in education research. Ethnography is popularly used in the study of certain culture or ethic group of a particular site usually for a long period of time (e.g. Lewis, 2001). Grounded theory utilizes a variety of data collection procedures to generate theory through the observation or investigation of participants (e.g. Glaser Strauss, 1965, 1968). Case study usually adopts interviews and participant observations to investigate the nature of individuals orShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research : Qualitative And Quantitative Research854 Words   |  4 Pageswhat come to mind when thinking about qualitative and quantitative research. In other words, quantitative research utilizes numbers while qualitative research does not. Another noteworthy distinction between the two methods lies in data collection. Unlike qualitative research which is employed to transform data into statistics, qualitative research is utilized to gain a deeper understa nding or underlying opinions, reasons and motivations. Quantitative research is exploratory in the sense that it attemptsRead MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research917 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to carry out my research, there were two feasible arguments to using qualitative research and quantitative methods. Qualitative research is recording information that express information about feelings, values and attitudes using words, whereas quantitative research uses data that is expressed in numerical form using descriptive and inferential statistics (Lindlof Taylor, 2002). Quantitative research is useful when measuring facts and is structured using characterised surveys and statisticalRead MoreQuantitative Research : Qualitative Research825 Words   |  4 PagesPoints of Consideration for this Qualitative Research Skinner, Tagg, and Holloway (2000) stressed that engaging in qualitative research demands an understanding of some of the drawbacks associated with doing this type of research. A number of common concerns related to qualitative research are found in the literature. The time and resources involved in collecting and analyzing qualitative data are mentioned frequently (e.g., Creswell, 1998; Skinner, Tagg, Holloway, 2000). A related concern involvesRead MoreQualitative Research On Quantitative Research1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe qualitative research method involves analysing data, such as words, pictures or objects. It is more subjective, and requires the researcher to interpret data in order to form thematic ideas. Quantitative research can gather a large amount of data that can be easily organised and manipulated into reports for analysis. It often includes one to one interview. It utilises open- ended questions. This means that the researcher has to interpret their findings. Mo reover, in qualitative research isRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research is a kind of of scientific research which consists of an analysis that look for answers to a question, systematically uses a specific procedures to answer the question, gathers evidence, generate findings that are legit farther the limits of the study. Qualitative research has these characteristics. As an addition, it looks for to analyze the research problem or motif from the aspect of the local people who involves the study. Qualitative research is particularly effectiveRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research explains, describes and characterizes the subject of investigation by focusing on words rather than numbers. It mainly collects the non-numerical data to describe a problem and helps to create ideas for further research. In qualitative research, data are collected through focus groups, interviews, direct observation or evaluation of archival material such as newspapers. Qualitative research has a qualitative dimension and relies on the background and context to analyze data.Read MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research1675 Words   |  7 Pages Qualitative research and Quantitative research Qualitative research Defilation Qualitative research is a method used in different academic disciplines, generally in social science, but also in research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to attain detailed understanding of human behavior rand the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smallerRead MoreQuantitative and Qualitative Research1006 Words   |  5 PagesQuantitative and Qualitative Research Sheri Doubleday May 16, 2011 Research procedures depends on the analyzing data and questions on the topic being researched. All research can be differentiated on the basis of whether its methodology produces mostly numerical data (e.g., scores and measurements) or mostly narrative data (e.g., verbal descriptions and opinions) (Mertler, C. amp; Charles, C. 2011, p 24). Qualitative research and quantitative research are two types of research methods. Read MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative research is scientific research based on something that cannot be correctly and precisely measured (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research is biased and uses preliminary reasoning to combine data (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Ca sebeer, 1997)Read MoreQualitative And Quantitative And Qualitative Research1972 Words   |  8 Pagesworld of research, there are two general approaches to gathering and reporting information qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach to research is focused on understanding a phenomenon from a closer perspective. The quantitative approach tends to approximate phenomena from a large number of individuals using survey methods. There has been widespread debate in recent years within many of the social sciences regarding the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies

Sexual Misconduct Policies Or Completely Changed It

Over the years, different universities across the country has either modified their sexual misconduct policies or completely changed it. Most universities have a consent policy. â€Å"Consent is an agreement between people to permit an act or behavior.†(Health 1) Depending if the consent was an action or verbal, plays apart if the sexual act was rape. All universities sexual misconduct policy should be comprised of words and actions and have a â€Å"yes† means â€Å"yes† policy. In the play â€Å"Tape† , the two characters, Jon and Amy argue over the fact if Jon actually raped Amy. Amy is in denial and doesn’t believe Jon raped her. Amy thinks of it as consensual sex. Amy says to Jon, â€Å" Because if no one’s accusing you of anything, then there’s no reason to confess.†(â€Å"Tape† 42) This type of situation falls into gray rape. Gray rape is when sex between your partner falls unsure of who wanted what. There is also a matter of confusion and denial in which who gave their consent.(Chan 1) In â€Å"Tape†, Jon didn’t think he raped Amy in the beginning until his friend, Vince taped his confession. No one know’s for sure if there was a rape. Stranger rape is when you don’t know who your assailant is. Acquaintance rape is when you do know your assailant.(Sampson 3) The risk of having either rape is more at risk at a college campus. Rutgers University, located in New Jersey, has a sexual misconduct policy different than other universities. Their sexual assault policy includes any touching of intimateShow MoreRelated To Legalize, or Not to Legalize Gay Marriage Essay1971 Words   |  8 PagesSince the beginning of time, Homo sapiens have discriminated against people with differences such as color of skin, religion, politics, and more. Over the years, society has changed to accept these differences, yet Americans still ostracize the gay community as if they were less tha n human. Currently one specific controversy comes to mind in consideration of gays, and that is gay marriage. The controversies surrounding gay marriage include the legal, religious, and philosophical problems that allowingRead MoreAmerica And Gender Neutral Bathrooms Essay2295 Words   |  10 Pagesneutral bathrooms. As Lisa Rein, publisher of an article in The Washington Post, writes, â€Å"The federal government is strongly urging employers to give transgender employees access to bathrooms that correspond to their gender identity, marking a new policy front in the fast-moving campaign for transgender equality† (Rein, 2015). Rein argues that bathrooms need to be made neutral, as it discriminates members of the LBGT community. Essentially, she argues throughout her article that emotional issues areRead MoreWhy Women Should Not Be Allowed in Combat Occupations Essay2026 Words   |  9 Pagesrestrictions have been somewhat lifted, making certain occupations available to wom en. Despite the lift complications arise from women being in combat vocations and it’s not just because of the physical differences, there is also the increased risk of sexual assault. Due to the detrimental impact on the military, soldiers, and society, women should not be allowed in combat occupations. A major change in the military came in 1948 from The Womens Armed Services Integration Act, the act formed a forceRead MoreContemporary Drug Policy Within The Uk3134 Words   |  13 PagesContemporary drug policy within the UK has altered its general assumption and has now been moulded by the idea that drug compulsion is a key influential cause to the upcoming and general rising crime rate. The literature review demonstrates that whilst empirical data clearly backs a connection among drugs and crime, the usage of drugs is one part of an intricate process contributing to criminal behaviour. Moreover, this study validates its primary weakness as it proclaims the supposed ‘drug consumptionRead Morethe risk and possible consequences for children and young people using the internet, mobile phones and other technologies4242 Words   |  17 Pageslegislation, guidelines, policies and procedures of safeguarding the welfare of children and young people The guideline, legislation and policies to safeguard children and young people are as follows; United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 The Children Act 1989 Children Act 2004 Education Act 201 Health and safety Act 1974 Guide for Children s Services on the Equality Act 2010 http://equalitymattersforchildren.crae.org.uk These laws and policies a put in place toRead MoreRape of Women on College Campus2051 Words   |  8 Pagescan signify anything from making out to oral sex to intercourse - all complete without the emotional entanglement of a real relationship. As times have changed, students begin to view a relationship as â€Å"too time consuming† and something that no longer takes priority amongst their busy, high achieving schedules. However, hooking up threatens the sexual, physical, and psychological health of college-age youth. Today’s youth may want to think twice before engaging in the prevalent hook-up culture. DespiteRead MoreBandag Automotive Case Study Human Resources Management1885 Words   |  8 PagesBandag’s sales and profits have increased, so have its negative human resources and equal employment issues. Our client, Jim’s father, fears that these problems may affect the future income and the well-being of the company. In our opinion Jim changed the employer-employee relationship to one that requires a better HR management system, where his father’s paternal approach did not. Situation The current HR system is outsourced and consists of standard forms purchased from an HR supply companyRead MoreBandag Automotive Case Study Human Resources Management1892 Words   |  8 PagesBandag’s sales and profits have increased, so have its negative human resources and equal employment issues. Our client, Jim’s father, fears that these problems may affect the future income and the well-being of the company. In our opinion Jim changed the employer-employee relationship to one that requires a better HR management system, where his father’s paternal approach did not. Situation The current HR system is outsourced and consists of standard forms purchased from an HR supply companyRead MoreLGBT Politicians in the US1795 Words   |  8 Pages why has the number been so low, for so long, when the LGBT community is so politically charged? Until 1999, no out person–meaning a person whose explicitly stated their sexuality–had ever sought election to a congressional office and won. That changed with Terry Baldwin, the Democrat from Wisconsin. The trend didn’t change for men until 2009, when Jared Polis, a Democrat from Colorado, was elected to office. After, three more out Democrats would run in 2012, all having publicly declared their sexualityRead MoreThe Interrelationships Between Judaism, Christianity, And Islam1808 Words   |  8 Pagescome to the realization that everything must change and to attain balance in life is to understand that nothing in the world is permanent and humans are part of a world that to be detached from one’ s mind, body, and selfish desires is the path to completely be free. 3. Suffering will cease when craving ceases. Having insight to the real value of things and what is really important instead of craving for things, helps to free one from self-centeredness and can lead to serving others by learning to live

The Seven Layers Of The Osi Network free essay sample

Model Essay, Research Paper The Seven Layers of the OSI Network ModelThe OSI Reference theoretical account is comprised of seven beds. This web theoretical account is used to depict the different beds, or # 8220 ; parts # 8221 ; of a web. Ranging from package related to hardware related, they are: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-link, and Physical. The Application bed refers to the package used on the web, such as a web browser, and ftp client, or the client s runing system, all of which are used to entree resources from the host. Even though all these applications are considered portion of the Application degree, they may develop their ain methods of pass oning between each other, merely every bit long as they are compatible with the degree below them. This means following the standard protocol for undertakings such as file transportation and electronic mail. FTP would be the most common illustration of a file transportation protocol, and the X. 400 message protocol and the X.500 directory protocol are worldwide recognized protocols for their two maps. The 2nd bed from the top is the presentation bed. This bed follows a common protocol in pass oning with the Application bed, and of class the bed below it, the Session bed. The presentation bed, though, is concerned with taking the message contents and transforming them suitably for transmittal across the web. This means altering the Application contents into digital, or binary, informations. ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) is an illustration of a constituent of the presentation bed. This takes displayed characters and converts them into binary values, so they can be transmitted over the network.. In add-on to external informations representation transmutation, which has merely been covered, the presentation bed is besides used for compaction and/or encoding of the information. However, the presentation bed on the other terminal must besides cogniz e how to decode or uncompress this information. The 3rd bed from the top is the Session bed. This bed includes maps that set up a connexion with the host. After the presentation bed transforms the information for transmittal, the session bed makes it easy for the informations connexion to be maintained between procedures on different systems. In other words, when a procedure requests a connexion with another procedure on another system, the session bed helps set up the nexus. Therefore, this bed is responsible for the undermentioned undertakings: ( 1 ) Get downing and triping the session ( 2 ) Fillet and let go ofing the session ( 3 ) Synchronizing the two terminals ( 4 ) Dialog control ( 5 ) Transportation of dataThe session bed is the last # 8220 ; upper # 8221 ; or software-related bed, and Pr ovides the connexion to the â€Å"lower† , or hardware-related beds. The first of the two in-between beds is the Transport bed. This bed is for break uping packages that are sent from the session bed, so they may be transmitted over the web. On the other terminal, the conveyance bed puts these back together once more. When Transport breaks up these beds, it assigns a sequence figure to each one, so if they are received out of order on the other side, the distant Transport bed can recompose them as if they had neer been broken up. Afterward, the conveyance bed puts the right finish reference on the packages and does simple routing of them between webs if it is in an internetwork. The following bed down is called the Network bed. This bed accomplishes the undertaking of stating the package precisely which hosts to travel through to make the concluding finish host. It does elaborate routing of the message so the message knows how to acquire at that place. A simple analogy is comparing what Network does to looking carefully at a roadmap and acquiring expr essed waies, instead than stating simply that you want to travel from location ten to location Y. A widely accepted Network Layer protocol is X.25. Now that the message is decently encoded, interrupt down, and routed, the lone thing left to with it is physically transport it. The Data-link bed, the first of the two physical beds, does informations conveyance. It sends informations from one terminal of a line to the other, it activates and deactivates the nexus, it detects mistakes in the information nexus, it allows the nexus to be shared, it provides crystalline informations flow, and allows for mistake recovery and alteration. Normally accepted criterions for the Data-link bed are ANSI s ADCCP ( Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure ) , HDLC ( High-level Data Link Control ) , SDLC ( SNA s Data Link Control ) , and IEEE s 802.2. The concluding bed accomplishes the undertaking of really directing the message over the physical nexus. This nexus is called the Physical Link. T here are different ways to convey this binary informations, such as parallel signals, amplitude or frequence transition ( AM or FM ) , light signals, or wireless signals. Standards for transmittal of binary informations in this bed are: CCITT s x.21 for digital transmittal, and v.35 A ; v.24 for parallel transmittals. The whole object of the OSI Reference Model is in its name: Open Systems Interconnect. This means that it has to be unfastened for different types of protocols or methods for each bed, while still supplying compatibility between the other beds. This will let flexibleness for coders while still keeping a rigorous criterion for how these beds must interact with the 1s above and below it.

The Grapes Of Wrath The Perpose Of The Interchapters Essays

The Grapes Of Wrath: The Perpose Of The Interchapters The Grapes of Wrath: The Purpose of the Interchapters - Sara Stark Initially, I found the interchapters to be annoying, interruptions to the story. It was only when I realized the point in having the interchapters that I understood that not only did they not interrupt the story, but they added to it tremendously. The interchapters provide indirect comments or general situations which suggest something about the personal tragedies of the main characters. These comments and situations help give the reader an understanding of what the characters are going through by either showing metaphorically their present or future triumphs and struggles or explaining the history of the period that they lived in. Chapter three is an interchapter. It describes a concrete highway that a land turtle struggled to cross. The turtle was finally almost there when it was hit by a truck and its shell was chipped and it was thrown on its back. The turtle had to struggle even hard but it did get going again. This chapter represented the continual struggle of that the Joads would have to face throughout the entire story. Throughout the novel the Joads meet many hardships. They are forced to leave their home, lose family members such as the grandparents and Noah, work for low wages, and suffer from hunger floods and cruel prejudices in California. But, just as the turtle refused to be swayed from his purpose so will the Joads. Chapter five is an interchapter that discusses a tractors hired by banks or a corporations that would come to the land and plow through it, destroying everything in its path. The chapter is an abstract conflict between the tenant farmer and the banks and shows the pain of a tenant farmer upon leaving the land that was settled by their grandfather. The tenant farmer was so upset that he threatened to shoot the driver . Another chapter describes a tenant farmer who has to leave and is cheated into paying to much for a car. Chapter nine describes the generalized families who must sell their sentimental goods at absurdly low prices. These chapters present the situations which the Joads come across very soon. The Joads have to leave their land and sell all their things. Pa dreads telling Ma, in chapter ten, the price he sold their things for. Grandpa threatens to kill the tractor driver who was plowing their land just like the tenant farmer who Steinback described. The Joads had to buy a used car in order to go to California. The interchapters provided general social situations which Joads had to face. Interchapters nineteen and twenty one the development of land ownership in California. Chapter nineteen explains how the Americans took California from the Mexicans and people known as squatters acquired lots of land and thought of it as their own. They hired people to work the land and became great owners. The problem was that many people from Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas began to arrive and the owners didn't want them to become squatters so they hated them and called them Okies. These owners cut wages in order to pay policemen to guard and protect their property. In the next chapter, the Joads are called Okies and a young man explains to Tom that the people are afraid that the Okies will get organized if they stay in one place for long enough so they push them around. This man also explains how no one can get people together to organize because the cops will arrest whoever starts up. Chapter twenty one describes how the people with small jobs in California are afraid of the Okies because they don't want to lose their jobs. The big companies could make wages very low because people were starving and would work for low wages. The following chapter explains how Tom met Timothy Wallace who told him that he would only have his job for a couple of days and his wages were being cut. The interchapters describe general situations and the chapters after them explain how that particular situation affects or will affect the Joads. The reader can learn many details about the hardships that the Joads went