Corruption in Former Soviet Countries Essay - 1482 Words

Corruption in Former Soviet Countries Administrative corruption and state capture generally occur as the result of inadequate institutional structures and policies that do not support competition and free trade. Predictably, these inefficiencies have been especially prevalent in the transition process from a socialist to a market economy. Consequently, combating corruption has become a major factor in the debate over optimal reform strategies. Numerous theorists have suggested shock therapy as the optimal method to minimize corruption, but empirical evidence shows mixed results throughout transition economies. Overall, state capture and administrative corruption have had extremely negative economic, social, and political†¦show more content†¦Despite a high margin of error due to obvious concerns with reliability (given the nature of the subject), results have clearly indicated high levels of corruption throughout the transition economies. State capture has been particularly difficult to measure and often u nderstated in BEEPS data, because it only measures state capture that includes involvement from private firms. Nevertheless, data from this category has proven to be excessively high, especially in CIS countries, where state capture indexes are as high as 41 (as in Azerbijan), indicating an average percentage of firms involved in six different forms of state capture such as the sale of criminal court decisions and the sale of parliamentary votes. Administrative Corruption rates are also astoundingly high, with payments constituting 3.7 percent of annual revenues in CIS countries, 2.2 percent of revenues in Central Eastern Europe, and an alarming 17 percent of profits in the entire region. Results from BEEPS and the EBRD have also shown a direct negative correlation between levels of corruption and various economic and social indicators such as investment and growth, tax payments, poverty, inequality, and the credibility of the state. Together, this empirical evidence indicates the massive, negative impact that results from both types of corruption and identifies corruption as one of the leading causes of transition failure. Administrative corruption and state capture haveShow MoreRelatedCorruption in Higher Education by Paul Temple and Georgy Petrov758 Words   |  4 Pagesbribes. Corruption is the most dangerous disease of the world. It is undesirable for every society if corruption grows in education sector. It is an undeniable fact that Azerbaijan is the country which suffers from corruption, especially in education. 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Ronald Reagan emerged as his challenger, a former actor with great public skills and a plan. They elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who had a controversial plan for fixing the U.S. economy, later dubbed â€Å"Reaganomics.† 1980 Regan’s Plan The economy focused on cutting taxes, reducing the size of governmentRead MoreCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why It Failed1561 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why it Failed Communism is defined as a system of political and economic organization in which property is owned by the community and all citizens share in the enjoyment of the common wealth, more or less according to their need. In 1917 the rise of power in the Marxist-inspired Bolsheviks in Russia along with the consolidation of power by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, the word communism came to mean a totalitarian system controlled by a single political

His Chains Are Gone Jim s Been Set Free - 950 Words

David Tripp Dr. Smith English 2 November 2015 His Chains Are Gone: Jim’s Been Set Free? The latter part of the nineteenth century saw civil war and the end of slavery in the United States. The post-Reconstruction years have been romanticized and popularized in the literary world and a nostalgic obsession followed those years of mayhem and political turmoil. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is one novel that has continued to make its literary mark, always controversial, to the curiosity of pre-civil war years of slavery in the South. Huckleberry Finn is an excellent study on Jim’s treatment as a commentary of post-Reconstruction life for African Americans. Reconstruction programs failed to give economic and legal†¦show more content†¦To understand the treatment of Jim, an understanding of white mentality must first be examined. Though blacks had been granted citizenship in 1870, southern white society still looked upon them as less than human without souls or feelings. Twain gives this popular opinion to the character of Huck before â€Å"the evasion† when he illustrates Huck describing Jim â€Å"He was thinking about his wife and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and homesick; because he hadn’t ever been away from home before in his life; and I do believe was cared just as much for his people as white folks does for their’n. I don’t seem natural but I reckon it’s so,† (Twain 199). By chapter thirty-two, it is expressed again by Aunt Sally during her conversation with Huck upon meeting: â€Å"It warn’t the grounding—that didn’t keep us back but a little. We blowed out a cylinder-head.† â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt?† â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger.† â€Å"Well, it’s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt,† (Twain 238) David L. Smith in his essay states â€Å"Huck has never met Aunt Sally prior to this scene, and in spinning a lie which this stranger will find unobjectionable, he correctly assumes that the common notion of Negro sub-humanity will be appropriate . . . intended to exploit Aunt Sally’s attitudes . . . A nigger, Aunt Sally confirms, is not a person,† (Smith 290-291). These passages reflect the view many held of

Flaws with utilitarianism Essay Example For Students

Flaws with utilitarianism Essay Among the most glaring problems that I see with Utilitarianism is its inclusion of animals under the umbrella that blankets this theory. It seems irrefutable that there exists an inordinate number of cases where the consequence that is against the best interest of an animal is favorable to humans, yet that dictating action is one that has been continually taken and condoned by the general public. This is a fundamental challenge, as the Utilitarian philosophy decrees that the pleasure and pain experienced by all individuals, including animals, has equal worth and must be considered when determining the net benefit of an actions consequences. The most drastic and prevalent of examples that one could provide to illustrate this contradiction would be the practice of using animals to provide food. It cannot be argued that it is in the best interest of a cow, a chicken, or another animal to be slaughtered to serve the dietary needs of mankind. Accordingly, Utilitarian reasoning suggests, in direct opposition to the intuition of humanity, that it is morally impermissible to kill the animals. While a Utilitarian philosopher might provide the counter-argument that such is natural order of the world that there exist a hierarchical food tree. Further they would insist that the greater good is that humans be nourished and provided for by the meat, for our pleasure is superior in quality to that of the beast. This reasoning, however, is flawed in two ways. Initially, the method by which meat finds its way to grocery stores for our purchase and eventual consumption is not one governed by the ways of nature, but rather is one engineer ed for efficiency by humans. Animals are bread forcibly, then nourished with specific intent of managing fat content, meat flavor, and healthiness, each of which discounts the Utilitarian claim that nature makes our carnivorous methods ethically permissible. Secondly, and perhaps more fundamentally, such a claim is in direct contradiction to the Utilitarian tenet that each individual has equal value regardless of identity or stature. Because humans could be sufficiently nourished without the killing of animals, it cannot be argued that the consequence of causing death to an animal is equivalent or less substantial than that of feeding a man. Conversely, there exist equally as many challenges to raise had the ethicist taken the alternate position that animals have equal value and accordingly that their pleasure is impermissibly infringed upon when they are killed for human interest. Arguments could be presented for a bevy of actions taken on a daily basis by society as a whole. One might address the fact that using animal testing for the advancement of medicine has benefits that outweigh the pains. Similarly, while the development of land effectively kills the previously animal inhabitants, it is an accepted result that society has displayed it is willing to disregard. In each of these cases, the majority of society condones such behavior, as evidenced by their existence as common public practice. While it is undeniable that opposition to each behavior does exist, the magnitude of this resistance is far outweighed by those in finding the long term benefits worthy of the negative consequences. In the end, it grows apparent that while it may be valuable to consider the interests of animals when calculating the net benefit of a given action, neither their pleasure nor their pain should be equated to ours. Such a principle has been introduced through the ethical thought experiment The Dilemma of the Swine. Resultantly, human existence constitutes higher pleasure that does that of an animal and we are often better served by making such a distinction through intuitive analysis rather than applying Hedonistic Calculus. The fact that Utilitarianism can be forced into contradictions regardless of the stance they choose makes the inclusion of animals under their ethical umbrella a significant problem.

Asylum - Immigration Glossary - Definition of Asylum

Asylum - Immigration Glossary - Definition of Asylum Asylum is the protection granted by a nation to a person who cannot return to their home country for fear of prosecution. An asylee is a person who seeks asylum. You may request asylum from the U.S. when you arrive at a U.S. port of entry, or after you arrive in the United States regardless of whether you are in the U.S. legally or illegally. Since its founding, the United States has been a sanctuary for refugees seeking protection from persecution. The country has granted asylum to more than 2 million refugees in the last three decades alone. Who is a Refugee? U.S. law defines a refugee as someone who: Is located outside the United States.Is of special humanitarian concern to the United States.Demonstrates that they â€Å"were persecuted or fear persecution due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.†Is not firmly resettled in another country.Is admissible to the United States. A refugee does not include anyone who â€Å"ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.† So-called economic refugees, those the U.S. government considers to be fleeing poverty in their homelands, are not admissible. For example, thousands of Haitian migrants who washed up on Florida shores have fallen into this category in recent decades, and the government has returned them to their homeland. How Can Someone Obtain Asylum? There are two routes through the legal system for obtaining asylum in the United States: the affirmative process and the defensive process. For asylum through the affirmative process, the refugee must be physically present in the United States. It does not matter how the refugee arrived. Refugees generally must apply to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services within on year of the date of their last arrival in the United States, unless they can show extenuating circumstances that delayed filing. Applicants must file Form I-589, the Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, to USCIS. If the government rejects the application and the refugee does not have legal immigration status, then USCIS will issue a Form I-862, Notice to Appear, and refer the case to an immigration judge for resolution. According to USCIS, affirmative asylum applicants are rarely detained. Applicants may live in the United States while the government is processing their applications. Applicants can also remain in the country while waiting for a judge to hear their case but are seldom allowed to work here legally. Defensive Application for Asylum A defensive application for asylum is when a refugee requests asylum as protection against removal from the United States. Only refugees that are in removal proceedings in an immigration court can apply for defensive asylum. There generally are two ways refugees wind up in the defensive asylum process under the Executive Office for Immigration Review: USCIS has referred them to an immigration judge after the government has ruled them ineligible for asylum after going through the affirmative process.They were placed in removal proceedings because they were apprehended in the United States without proper legal documents or in violation of their immigration status. Or, they were caught trying to enter the United States without proper documents and designated for expedited removal. It’s important to note that defensive asylum hearings are court-like. They are conducted by immigration judges and are adversarial. The judge will hear arguments from the government and from the petitioner before making a ruling. The immigration judge has the power to grant the refugee a green card or decide whether the refugee may be eligible for other forms of relief. Either side can appeal the judge’s decision. In the affirmative process, the refugee appears before a USCIS asylum officer for a non-adversarial interview. The individual must provide a qualified interpreter for that interview. In the defensive process, the immigration court provides the interpreter. Finding a qualified lawyer is important for refugees trying to navigate the asylum process which can be long and complicated.

Human Behaviour Relationships And Social Issues Social Work Essay Example

Human Behaviour Relationships And Social Issues Social Work Essay Example Human Behaviour Relationships And Social Issues Social Work Essay Human Behaviour Relationships And Social Issues Social Work Essay which suggests that in order to back up them, all we need to make is work out a set of jobs. Therefore, who defines the jobs and determines what the ideal solutions might be? Solution focused attack is of the position that there is nil incorrect with problem-solving. It offers the possibility that, the interactions between the service user and the societal worker are tests of possible hereafters for the service user seeking to take the best possible life. It is a extremist attack to working in mental wellness and much more than a new method of problem-solving. Service user authorization and engagement is paramount in mainstream British services and service users are going more and more recognized as experts in experience and there is a gradual belief that effectual services can merely originate from joint working and dialogue. Alternatively of sing a individual as lessened or limited through mental unwellness, the focal point with solution focused theory, is on seeing that one can go on to populate, develop and boom even when the unwellness is non cured . Supporting people to pull off their mental wellness through a solution focused attack can enable service users to derive the assurance, accomplishments and cognition to better pull off their mental wellness and derive more control of their lives at a clip when they may experience they have lost control. The theory is basically an attack of hopefulness. In working with mental wellness clients, societal workers would enable the service user to keep the key to their ain recovery/management which can be supported through careful hearing and making a positive focal point through conversation. Whilst working with mental wellness service users, it is of import that all professionals look farther than diagnosing and symptoms and place the beginning of wellbeing as balance and competency in mundane activities. The attack is a resource for all mental wellness professionals looking for ways to increase their effectivi ty in individual centered planning. Despite societal work and solution focused therapy turning out of different traditions at different epochs, they portion some of import guiding rules. The essence of solution focused brief therapy is described by Brief Therapy Practice as working with the individual instead than the job, looking for resources instead than shortage, researching possible and preferable hereafters, researching what is already lending to those possible hereafters and dainty clients as the experts in all facets of their lives ( George, Iveson A ; Ratner, 1999 ) . Similarly societal work pattern and services are based on professional rules and values. The Code of Ethics ( BASW, 2012 ) states the values and ethical rules on which the profession is based and the Care Council Code of Practice ( CCW, 2002 ) describes the criterions of professional behavior and pattern required of societal attention workers. Both BASW and CCW reflect continuing and advancing human self-respect and good being in advancing the best involvements of the person ( CCW,2002,1 ) . It can be seen that the chief countries of similarity between solution focused therapy and societal work pattern are those sing the client as the expert in his or her ain life ( CCW, 2002, 1.6, 3.1, 4.1 ) and the focal point on strengths and resources instead than jobs or disablements. Taking into history each client s alone position, both solution focused brief therapy and occupational therapy have become interested in the significances clients ascribe to facets of their life ( for occupational healers ) and the manner they talk about them ( for solution focused brief healers ) .

Porters Force for Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 7

Porters Force for Competitive Advantage - Essay Example A comparative analysis of the systems followed by businesses of various economies to gain edge is evaluated from Porter’s competitive advantage view. Â  The model’s approach to identify the cluster of small industries where their competence has a direct correlation with the performance of other businesses in the same economy, along with other factors, adds value chain to the process. The advantages can be from consumer-business relationship or local market context, giving it an edge over similar businesses in offshore markets. The various elements of the model is as in the figure below, that shows the business elements and suggests the underlying factors boosting the affectivity of the competence. Further, Rugman and Verbeke (1993) suggested that the factors affecting the competence are related with each other and existing market environment. The four distinct determinants of the model have great influence on the strengths of the business located therein. The vertical relationships of buyers’ intelligence and suppliers are correlated horizontally with technology, skills, distribution challenge etc. The use of the model in the process gives the overview of the industry in terms of competition in the industry. Pressman (1991) observed that the respective Government identifies these clusters to support and promote them as a source of economic growth. Factor Conditions: The position of a business as production capacity, skill manpower availability, infrastructure, legal frameworks etc aided by the government agencies determines the factor conditions. The conditions would determine the performance and ease of doing business in a particular economy.

Knowledge Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Knowledge Economy - Essay Example A knowledge economy can exhibit itself in the interconnections between science and technology; the emphasis on creativity as critical to economic growth and competitiveness; the increasing focus on education and life-long learning; and the orientation toward investments in intangible goods and services, such as R&D, rather than fixed capital; and the rapid adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) that is providing nations greater independence as well as greater connectiveness (Archibugi & Pietrobelli, 2003). However, some contend that the expansion of knowledge economies within developing nations can also bring with it negative consequences, such as increasing the divide between developed an developing nations, and crowding in their economic development (Casanueva, 2001; Pietrobelli, 2000). This paper aims to present the argument that a knowledge economy within a developing nation can contribute to numerous negative effects on a countries economic and social development. Firstly, the positive arguments that promote the adoption of a knowledge economy by developing nations shall be presented. Secondly, the contrasting negative impact consequences to the adoption of KE shall be provided. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main points of the paper and make recommendations for future research.It is generally conceded that a knowledge economy can positively contribute to the development of a nation's economic and social institutions by way of facilitating more effective goods and services production and delivery, lowering costs to public citizens (Archibugi & Pietrobelli, 2003). As such, developing nations are encouraged to adopt a knowledge economy as an efficient method for improving their competitiveness on the global marketplace, as well as alleviating their wel fare needs. In order to effectively incorporate a knowledge economy it is necessary for developing nations to capitalize on their economic and social strengths, and also to plan appropriately on how to invest in human capital, social institutions, technology and innovative and competitive businesses (Kuznetzov & Sabel, 2003). Countries such as Chile, Ireland, Malaysia and Korea are portrayed as success stories of countries, which have incorporated a knowledge economy into their social and political value systems (Kuzetzov & Sabel, 2003). Increasingly, science-based products and services are being incorporated into world trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) of multinational corporations to facilitate innovation globally, and cooperation across the boarders of scientific and technological research and development (Narula & Sadowski, 2002). Less developed countries are able to benefit from the increasing flow of knowledge if they are able to implement active policies that focus on enhancing learning opportunities and improving access to new knowledge and technology (Archibugi & Pietrobelli, 2003). Additionally, the opportunity to participate in the 'brain circulation' of open migration of people and their knowledge across boarders provides job prospects and educational experiences that prepare the LDC citizen to participate in a global workforce (Kuznetsov & Sabel, 2003).Additionally, a study investigating indicators that represent knowledge within 92 nations, during the period